The Role Of Women's Labor Force Participation In Decreasing Aceh Province Poverty Rate

The poverty rate can decrease if there is a dual role of working women, the development of the times has proven to have implications for shifting the role of women in reducing poverty. Acehnese women, who used to be a social construction built on the basis of people's understanding of cultural values and interpretations in the Islamic religion, have shifted to a new era where Acehnese women can take part in the household production process. This paper wants to analyze how big the role of women is working towards poverty reduction in Aceh Province. The results of the study show that the variable number of industries directly (X4) has a negative and not significant effect on wage estimates for Aceh Province


INTRODUCTION
Increasing population growth can have both positive and negative impacts.One of the positive impacts of high population growth is that more and more human resources can be optimized, but high population growth can also affect poverty rates, one of which is if people's needs such as employment are not met.However, this can be prevented by providing adequate employment opportunities.In 2021, Indonesia's population will be 270.20 million people.Meanwhile, based on gender, the male population will be 136.66 million people or 50.58 percent and the female population will be 133.54 million people or 49.42 percent.
When compared to previous population censuses, the sex ratio of Indonesia's population has tended to increase over time.In 2020 the sex ratio of Indonesia's population is 102, meaning that there are 102 men for every 100 women.A sex ratio greater than 100 indicates that the male population is greater than the female population.So far, the growth of the male population has always been higher than that of women, but the projected population in 2032 shows that the female population is estimated to be larger than the male population, namely 149.19 million women while 149.17 men. million souls.This shows that the female population is more than 21 thousand compared to the male population.Aceh province is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has a long history, this is because in the past Aceh was one of the provinces in Indonesia which had abundant agricultural and trade wealth, this is evidenced that Aceh's superior products are pepper and tin, Aceh's poverty rate in 1990-2000 it was at 15.42%, 4.5% lower than Indonesia or 0.5% -1% per year.However, the shift in natural disasters from a socio-economic perspective in December 2004, namely during the tsunami, resulted in the Aceh poverty rate in 2001-2010 being 24.67%, 8.28% higher than poverty in Indonesia.The most interesting thing is that the poverty rate can decrease if there is a dual role of working women, the times have proven to have implications for shifting the role of women in reducing poverty.From the last 30 years, Aceh Province has experienced an increase in women's TPAK, although only 1-3% per year in 3 decades.This also proves in the long history of Acehnese culture that the social context stating that previously women in Acehnese society were not as big as the role of women in the welfare of Aceh has changed.The role and position of women in Acehnese society, which used to be a social construction built on the basis of people's understanding of cultural values and interpretations of the Islamic religion, has shifted into a new era where Acehnese women can take part in the household production process.From this background, this paper wants to analyze how big the role of working women is in reducing the poverty rate in Aceh Province.

LITERATURE REVIEW The Moser Framework (The Gender Roles Framework)
Also known as "the University College-London Department of Planning Unit (DPU) Framework" (Jains, 1993).In short, this framework offers a distinction between practical and strategic needs in community empowerment planning and focuses on women's workload.Uniquely, it does not focus on specific institutions but focuses more on the household.The three main concepts of this framework are: 1. Women's triple roles at three levels: reproductive work, productive work and community work.This is useful for mapping the gender division of labor and work allocation 2. Seek to distinguish between practical and strategic needs for women and men.Strategic needs relate to the need for transformation of the status and position of women (such as subordination).3. Policy analysis approach -from a focus on welfare, equity, anti-poverty, efficiency and empowerment or from WID to GAD.

Source: Author Analysis Results, 2022
Backward Bending Supply Curve Theory If real wages increase from W1 to W2 then because of higher income individuals will have greater utility, so they will be willing to increase hours worked per year for L2.During this part of the curve the substitution effect is positive, the income effect is negative, but the substitution effect is larger than the income effect.Therefore, an increase in the real wage rate will lead to an increase in the number of hours worked.However, if the real wage increases from W2 to W3, then the number of hours worked per year will fall from L2 to L3.This is because the income effect is greater than the substitution effect.The processes involved in the decision to work more or less hours are called the income and substitution effects.Therefore, the income effect would mean that an individual will work fewer hours.However, the substitution effect is that a higher wage will mean the utility derived from the last hour's work is greater than the utility derived from one hour of free time.This is because a higher wage means that a person can buy more goods.As a result, individuals will work in lieu of leisure for the same utility (i.e. return to balance between work and leisure).

Level of education
In general, labor productivity is a function of education, technology, and skills.The higher the education or skills of the workforce, the higher the productivity of the workforce.The increase in the literate population has been followed by an increase in the population attending school, both men and women in urban and rural areas have continued to increase.Increasing the education level of the workforce can be utilized by changing positions or types of work.According to Siswidiyanto ( 2004) working women are women who have the opportunity to get more education.Education creates a desire to develop what has been learned and raises awareness to develop their talents.(Squire, 1986)argues that today's high level of education makes many young adult women enter the professional world by working.The 21st century is characterized by competition in the world of work and these opportunities are very open to women.A person's level of education greatly influences the type and status of the job they will get later.The higher a person's education then he will tend to have a job that can be more suitable to meet his life needs.In this case, the educational level of the female workforce can affect the number of hours they work.The higher the education of female workers, the more suitable the jobs they get.

Industry on Women's Employment Opportunities
From a macro perspective, the condition of industrial relations cannot be separated from the conditions of supply and demand for labor, wage policies, global economic conditions, and policies in the field of employment.To create conducive industrial conditions, it needs to be supported by related factors.The government through policies in the field of manpower takes concrete steps so that the industry is conducive, for example when there is a global economy the government takes a policy so that not many companies are closed (which are laid off and unemployed) or when there is global competition so the government encourages the business world to have competitiveness by increasing the skills of workers.work according to international labor standards.According to (Ratna, 2000)increased job opportunities for women in the industrial sector in particular can be caused, firstly, because many industries demand accuracy and diligence as well as other characteristics that are usually possessed by women, such as the cigarette industry, apparel, textiles, food and beverages, and so on.Second, because female workers are seen as more docile and cheap, so economically they have more value for employers.The two factors above make the industrial sector use more female workers (Trisnawati, 2004)

RESEARCH METHODS
This type of research is a quantitative approach with the Confimatory Factor Analysis (CFA) measurement model which is construct with the variables measured using the path analysis model.The data used is secondary data sourced from BPS Aceh Province from 1990-2021.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Quantitative descriptive Workforce Growth Rate, Female Labor Force Growth, and Female TPAK Increasing population growth is certain to have both positive and negative impacts.Population growth on the one hand is beneficial with the increasing number of workforce, but on the other hand if jobs are not fulfilled there will be a high level of social crime.Likewise, the growth of the female population in the presence of gender equality between women and men resulted in unfulfilled job opportunities.(Wendy, 2006) It should be noted that the growth of the female population in Aceh as a workforce in the last 10 years, namely in 2010-2021, has increased by an average of 3.60%.This proves that there has been a shift in the role of gender in the economy as a production process in the household.The TPAK of Acehnese women has also increased in recent years and the ratio is 50:50 with men's TPAK, with Acehnese women's TPAK of 50.7%, it is also considered that Acehnese women have started to enter the labor market.
In addition, Aceh Province has also undergone many changes.Community openness, especially women and international role assistance in tackling education after the 2004 tsunami, began to target the abilities and expertise of Acehnese women in work which are considered as important factors in regional economic development efforts In Aceh Province(Sustainable, 2018) Equation Model Evaluation Structural Equation I X5 = 0.001X1 + 0.08X2 + 0.000 X3 -0.07X4 + e t sig = (0.004) (0.009) (0.0035) (0.07) R Square 0.93 F-Sig 0.000 From structural equation I it can be seen that all variables X1-X3 have a positive and significant effect on the estimation of women's wages, except for X4 which has a negative and significant effect on X4, with a confidence value of the R Square model of 93% and the remaining 7% is not estimated in this model From the findings both in terms of structural similarities I, II, and III and from the direct, indirect and total effects, there are several findings that can be described as follows: 1. Directly the variable number of industries (X4) has a negative (-0.07) and not significant (0.07 > 0.05) effect on the estimated wages of Aceh Province 2. Directly the education level variables (X2) and X4 (number of industries) have no significant effect (0.07 > 0.05) on the estimated wages of women 3. Indirectly and in total, the estimated wage variable has a coefficient value of 1.605, meaning that if the wage rate in Aceh Province increases by 10%, it will reduce the poverty rate by 16%.This is in accordance with the new growth theory by emphasizing the importance of the government's role, TPAK, which have graduated from junior high schools and vocational schools, in increasing the development of human capital and encouraging research and development to increase the productivity of the female workforce in Aceh Province, the low level of education and the length of education.low levels result in limited selfdevelopment abilities and cause TPAK graduates of junior high and high schools to not be able to compete in the world of work even though they are engaged in jobs in small and medium industries in Aceh province, so that poverty will still occur.TPAK who live below the poverty line must still have limited access to education, so that the quality of resources is also limited so that productivity is low and the income earned is also low.(Yusuf Iskandar, 2019) To achieve poverty reduction, the government should make small industrial centers an effort to reduce poverty in Aceh Province, because it turns out that the large number of small businesses can have a real impact on poverty reduction.(Dinar Melani, 2021).

Figure
Figure 2. Research Conceptual Framework

Table 4 . Evaluation of the Structural Equation Model I
UswatunHasanah, Annisa Ilmi Faried, Rahmad Sembiring:The Role Of Women's Labor Force Participation In Decreasing Aceh Province Poverty Rate